He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Tweet. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching Encyclopedias. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Websites. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. The Social War - Spartacus Educational Sulla | Biography, Civil War, Roman Dictator, & Facts [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. Published by at 29, 2022. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Roman military leaders. Sulla - World History Encyclopedia Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Primary Source 10. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. 719-549-2333. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Collections Online | British Museum [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. . Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. The collection currently contains . [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. By. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over".
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